LEGAL ASPECT OF NURSING Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEGAL ASPECT OF NURSING - Case Study Example Therefore, the law of nursing is meant to aide nurses in making decisions in order to prevent incidences that can course legal suits. In addition, law of nursing streamlines the services provided by nurses so that nurses can take liability for malpractices. The law is postulated to protect patients and nurses in delivering nursing care services (Barbara, and Phillips, 2013). It is advisable that nurses to familiarize with the Tort Law. Tort law chiefly deals with, negligence, and malpractice cases in the healthcare world. Nurses should be concerned with profound of accepting Tort Law because it creates one of the biggest panics in the medical world. Tort Law defines liabilities and responsibilities of nurses when providing nursing care to the patient. Tort is the wrongful act that generates harm intentionally or unintentionally. Malpractices in nursing are, therefore, a Tort in which nursing principals are not accomplished (Barbara, and Phillips, 2013). Hence, Tort Law is the common and known law that all healthcare practitioners are required to adhere to in order to prevent circumstances that may be observed as medical malpractices. (Barbara, and Phillips, 2013). ... In the course of their education, nurses are made to comprehend that patient care is not only making decisions right, but also, organizing and maintaining accurate medical reports and records for the patients. A nurse who does not offer written evidence of the verdict made showing how the decision was attained at should be charged with negligence. Negligence is the failure of nurses to offer care that a sound nurse would use in a similar incidence (Barbara, and Phillips, 2013). In this case study, the hospital had enough evidence of suspending the nurse from her duties. By her diverting narcotic drugs, she posed substantial threats to her patient safety and this became a liability to the facility and the acute care department. However, the facility should consider humanistic, regulatory, legal, practical, and ethical considerations in solving the incidence. In addition, the discrepancies between the nurse’s patient electronic data on narcotics and the hand written notation on the paper record, was enough evidence for the nurse to be suspended for incompetence (Barbara, and Phillips, 2013). In the court, the plaintiff will be the nurse and the defendant will be the hospital. Before making a verdict whether the nurse’s grievances should be upheld in this case scenario, it is necessary first to look at the nursing ethics that was involved. Ethics is the principals of conduct and moral judgment. There are three key standards of healthcare ethics that was involved in this case scenario; justice, nonmaleficence, and beneficence. Beneficence is the act of promoting and doing well. For the purpose of the healthcare industry, healthcare providers work to stimulate their client’s best interest and struggle to attain best results. In the case study given, with the

Sustainable development Essay Example for Free

Sustainable development Essay Introduction: Without a shadow of doubt, one of the problems facing today’s China is water pollution. Maybe you will ask, how to define water pollution? Why we will say the water pollution problem in China is so serious? Actually, there are many different ways to measure water pollution. For example, use instrument to test the safety level of water or by using the ph-value to test whether it meets or exceeds the national standard or not. However, we are not professionals. Therefore, today I will just tell you two simple ways. First, by chemical indicators, we can take the water sample and measure the concentrations of chemicals that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too great, that means the water is polluted. Second, by biological indicators, we can examine living things that water will support. If living things can live in the water that means the water quality is still acceptable. However, if the living things can’t live, the water quality is so poor. These simple ways can test whether the water is polluted or not. Causes: There are two main reasons that cause water pollution. First is the industry. In recent years, the rapid development of industrial and urban areas, and changes in agricultural practices. The discharge of waste from industries. The owners think that rivers and oceans are convenient places for them to dump their waste material. However, they did not concern these waste contains toxic substances that may cause damage to the river and lake and also, it is harmful for humans and aquatic animals. Second, for the public, too many selfish and lazy members of the public have immediate satisfaction. This poor civic spirit, a mind-your-own-business, non-confrontational culture make the situation worse. In China, all you have to do is step outside to see evidence of a lack of public hygiene. One popular pastime is littering. The â€Å"expert† litterer refuses to put his  cigarette butt, used tissue, or fish-ball stick in a bin, even if there is one only 3 steps away. It is not surprising that one day, we will live with sewage-strewn beaches and dead rivers. All in all, because the discharge of waste from industries and selfish citizens and weak enforcement of littering laws and government complicity in pollution all combine to make prospects for improvement bleak. Impact on Economic Aspect, Case Study: Concerning pollution of river, algae bloom on Lake Tai has been the concrete example showing the negative impact of unsustainable practices on economic development in recent years. And the government needed to spend huge sum to revamp the situation. Taihu is third largest lake in China, covering an area of 2400 km2. It is the major source of water to Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou and Wuxi, Hangjiahu Plain. As the Chinese saying goes, those living on a mountain live off the mountain; those living near the water live off the water. Therefore, the river becomes a major source of income to the local as well. Aquaculture industry, hairy crabs industry in particular, is thriving there. However, the mis-use of chemical substances around Taihu has led an ecological disaster since the 80s. Apart from the industrialization and influx of population of 20 million people along Taihu, development of agriculture and aquaculture contributed to excessive nutrients inside the river. According to Liang and He (2012), the organic pollutant in water sharply rose from 1% in 1987 to 29.18% in 1994. A proliferation of blue algae happens every now and then because of eutrophication in river. Netted enclosures used in Taihu As Qin discovers (as cited in wang, 2007) that excessive amount of bait led to eutrophication of river. Compared with that of river, the water sample of  breeding grounds contained higher concentration of ammonia and nitrogen. Plus, the netted enclosures deterred the aquatic plants from purifying the water. And the slower flow of water supported accumulation of chemical. Hence, the Jiangsu government annually invested RMB 2 billion for management of Taihu since the massive outburst in 2007. And 2.8 million tons of algae were removed between 2007 and 2011 (Liang and He, 2012). According to Wu and Cai (2007), the Chinese government strictly controlled artificial breeding space then. The size of breeding grounds was prohibited to expand and limited to meet scientifically sound standard in Taihu, Chaohu and Dianchi. It was projected that the size of breeding grounds would significantly drop from 81 thousand to 32 thousand hectares in 2008, coupled with the output volume of 8 thousand tons. The sharp decrease in harvest by 10 thousand tons drove price rise. In fact, besides the environment, the local government protected the livelihood of those crab farmers. After the implementation of projects, the number of hairy crab breeders was estimated to decrease to 1500 along Yangchenhu. Hence, provision of monetary compensation aside, these primary producers received knowledge transfer to shift to value chain of crab products. In short, rather than stable growth of GDP from the heavily polluted source, the local government would like to achieve long-term growth by restoring ecological balance and upgrading the development of cities. Plus, the farming and horticulture industry were disallowed to develop within 1 kilometer of peak discharge of river to avoid soil contamination, in turn water pollution of river. Finally, according to â€Å"Harvest Hairy Crab in Taihu, Output and Price rose by 30%†(2011), the quality of hairy crab along Taihu were better than before because of better water quality and limited production. And the Trophic state index dropped to 60.8 in 2011, compared to 62 in 2007 (Ding, 2012). Plus, as Xu reports (2008) that, despite smaller size of breeding ground of hairy crab, the better freshwater favor survival of crab seed which would  not lead to a dramatic drop in output but maintain freshness of produce. In conclusion, there is a long way to complete restoration of Taihu because of high accumulation of chemical substances from human activities nearby. However, the human-induced eutrophication of river can be controlled by the planning and monitoring of the local governments. Meanwhile, they can lay more effort into developing high-price hormone-free crabs to meet greater and greater demand over the world while maintaining sustainability of river for next generation of Taihu. Our future: When considering our future, it seems we have two choices. We can passively let the future happen and live with dead rivers or alternatively we can actively change our future by taking specific steps like work together to keep the water clean so the living things and people remain healthy. We benefit, or suffer, from the decisions made by us today. For me, of course, I will choose the latter one. By doing so, there are three aspects that can do better. First, for education. I think no one will disagree that the success of government education programs is a long term proposition. We need to make people aware of the water pollution problem and its impact. Educators can teach people to clean up their act and organize activities like community beach-cleaning sessions. Also, some concern groups can work with media like television channels or short movies to produce water management programs to promote public education. Education is the key. Positive public action can make a great change. Second, for the laws. Recently, China has enacted regulations and laws to reduce water pollution. However, I think the government needs to punish the offenders. New laws, higher fines, stricter enforcement are indispensable. They can force people and companies to clean up their act. Third, for the economy. Since a large amount of money spent on treating the polluted water. Many environmental experts agree â€Å"polluter pays principle†Ã‚  that means polluter needs to pay for the damage done to the natural environment. Therefore, they may fear that they need to pay more so they try to think some ways that cause less pollution. Last but not least, according to GREENPEACE, â€Å"25% of Chinas seven largest river systems, which include the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Pearl River, fails to provide water which is suitable for irrigation and is considered highly polluted. In addition, 30% of the Chinas rivers and 25% of her coastal areas are considered highly polluted. If one were to take all of Chinas clean water supply and share it evenly with the population, the amount each person would get would be miniscule.1† Therefore, to live better or not, everyone is the director. Positive action can change our future. Just start from today, tackle water pollution before it is too late.

Understanding Alcohol :: Drugs and Alcohol, Addiction, Intoxication

Alcohol is not only the reason why prohibition took place in the 1920s, but it is also the reason why many persons wake up not remembering their previous night’s endeavors. It has always been evident that alcohol has an effect on brain function, which in-turn impairs the behavior of a person. Alcohol can be separated into two separate groups: what is expected to happen, and what actually happens. Alcohol is expected to play social lubricant and aphrodisiac. When it comes to being social alcohol does seem to have a loosening effect on people, however, it is almost the opposite sexually. Alcohol actually acts as more of a suppressant when sex is brought into the picture. It has only be known to be a sort of aphrodisiac because that is the way it is perceived and that is the way in which people choose to perceive it. Given the choice between two women, one holding an alcoholic drink and the other not, a man will more often pick the women with the alcoholic drink due to the fact t hat alcohol is a precursor to the possibility of having intercourse. Introduction Alcohol can be traced back to ancient times when Egyptians used beer and wine for ritual and celebratory purposes (Hanson 1995). Osiris, the god of wine, was praised throughout the entire land of Egypt. The Egyptians believed that this important god also invented beer, a beverage that was considered a necessity of life and was brewed in the home. Both beer and wine were created for and sacrificed to the gods. Fast-forward 12,000 years and the variety of alcohol has become so numerous, people no longer need a reason to drink. However, most of the population is unaware of the chemical reaction that is occurring within their body every time they take a sip. It has always been evident that alcohol has an effect on brain function, which in-turn impairs the behavior of a person. Not only has alcohol been linked to multiple physical issues but also mental and emotional. When alcohol is consumed it can create acetaldehyde in the brain to allow a chemical reaction to take place with other ele ments already in the brain waiting to be activated. When acetaldehyde reacts with chemicals such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine then there is a strong chance that psychoactive alkaloids such as salsolinol will be produced (Sullivan et. al 2010). Acetaldehyde is present everywhere in the atmosphere and may be produced in the body due to the breakdown of ethanol.

American Views Before and After World War II

America is well-know for its wealth and independence. Proud Americans come together to fight for democracy and freedom, while fighting against extremists and their desire for world conquest. War stories usually favor the victor. As a result, after World War II, many of the stories that began to circulate added to an already inflated US ego. After World War II, depending upon the country, the impressions of Americans are diverse.On one hand, Americans were saviors; however, the other hand, many were offended because of America’s tentativeness to join the war efforts, plus the overconfidence Americans displayed with they eventually joined the war. Although, the US declared themselves as isolationists, they continued to provide defense supplies to the Allied states. These defense supplies came by way of Roosevelt’s Lend-Lease program. This program contributed to Allies collaborative efforts to resist German advancements. The Axis powers took considerable offense to this po licy, which resulted in hostility towards the US.By the time, the US officially entered the war; a devastated, Nazi-occupied Europe was struggling for survival. The wealth gained from Lend-Lease resulted in a secure and confident economy for the US. This great wealth, massive military, and America’s ability to harness atomic power, added to the audacity to use that power, were the factors that elevated the US into superpowerdom. Although, the economy was not the only reason for America’s ascent to become a superpower, it was also the combined efforts of the American citizens to support the war effort, which attributed to their elevated status.However, according to Stoler, most Americans did not attribute the end of World War II to combined efforts; they perceived it as a return to â€Å"normalcy† (p. 385). Stoler continued his opinion by stating that both Britain and the Soviet Union were slightly aggravated and annoyed at the US for assuming the superior status at the end of World War II (p. 388). Americans believed their arrival secured the defeat over Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire. However, Britain and the Soviet Union’s opinions differ slightly regarding the US.According to Stoler, the British considered Americans â€Å"latecomers† to the war and felt abandoned during the first two years (p. 388). When the US finally decided to join the war, they entered with the â€Å"naive, arrogant, and incorrect belief that they should dictate both combined wartime strategy and a new, self-serving postwar international order† (p. 388). From the Soviet’s point of view, America’s role was â€Å"relatively insignificant† as compared to the Soviet role; plus, the US deliberately procrastinated entering the war with the intention to exploit the Soviet Union by using the Lend-Lease program (Stoler p.388). Memory serves as an important element during war-time. Many people consider memories of specific event s irrelevant. These recollections of selectively retrieved events can possibility deliver incorrect details of said events. Earl Kelly with the McClatchy-Tribune Business News even quoted Carol Gluck while speaking at the 31st annual Bancroft Lecture at the Naval Academy, â€Å"history and memory are often in collision, rather than collusion, with each other† (2010).Even the most overrated misconceptions of World War II were sometimes included into movies. Often, the US Government embedded them selves into the movie industry. The reason being was to influence Americans on the importance of entering the war by means of propaganda. Worland states, that the Office of War Information affected most popular war-time films; especially films that â€Å"depicting the armed forces, images of America as a united, democratic society, the ideology of the Axis enemy, and so on† (p.48). This governmental influence pushed Americans to support the war effort. The U. S. brought to the w ar added military, supplies, and ideas for the Allies. While the US may have been imprudent and arrogant in their attempt to assume control, but the U. S. did bring alternative solutions to the table. To some countries, Americans are egotistical and lazy. Fortunately, America’s pompous attitudes gave the added incentive and strength to the Allied powers that helped end the war. Works Cited Kelly, E.(2010). Historian says memories fuel inaccuracies. McClatchy – Tribune Business News. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 2155533071). Stoler, M. (2001). The Second World War in U. S. History and Memory. Diplomatic History, 25(3), 383. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Worland, R. (1997). OWI meets the monsters: Hollywood Horror Films and War Propaganda, 1942 to 1945. Cinema Journal. 37(1), p. 47-65. Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1225689

Rhetorical Analysis Model of Christian Charity

In John WinthropÊ ¼s sermon, â€Å"Model of Christian Charity,† Winthrop uses persuasive diction and ï ¬ gures of speech to reinforce his idea of a â€Å"city upon a hill,† which is having absolute unity and conformity in able for the colony to prosper, in which others will look to as an example for guidance. His entire sermon is in a ï ¬ rst person plural to refer to the Puritans that he is speaking to and saying that they are a group that is not diverse. Winthrop states that they must be â€Å"knit together, in this work, as one man,† which means that every individual is meant to make a commitment to the group; that those individuals are meant to work together as common destiny. By referring that the Puritans must follow the ideas of being the city upon a hill, suggesting that they all come together no matter what their differences are to become a much larger entity, in which others around them will follow for guidance. Not only does John Winthrop insist o n the unity between and among the individual Puritans, he also searches in a unity between God and humans.Winthrop talks about the deep bond that the Puritans have with God; he is not only binding them together, but he is also showing the higher purpose that God intends to have. Winthrop states that is order to keep the bond with God they must follow his ways and keep their â€Å"Covenant with Him,† so they will be able to prosper. Winthrop is combing politics with religion that foreshadows this type of theocracy to come and also dramatically setting this as an example of a spiritual and physical unity that Winthrop seems to impulse on among his people and between his people and God.Winthrop shows his desire for his city upon a hill through his motivational speaking to the Puritans and suggesting them to have this sense of community to succeed their goal and to have faith in God and in his ways, to succeed in this pride of accomplishment.

Catcher in the Rye Essays

Catcher in the Rye Essays Catcher in the Rye Essay Catcher in the Rye Essay Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye Comparative Essay We as the generation X experience a lot of pressure and influence by the world around us, and these factors will affect our views on society. Some factors that will play a major role in our development will be influences by our parents, and the social changes we experience throughout the years. We are also influenced by social norms. J. D Salinger, the author of â€Å"The Catcher and the Rye† has done an excellent job giving a great view of the world from the perspective of an ordinary teenager named Holden Caulfield. Holden’s life had taken a deep journey into the world of adulthood, and his experiences are changing his views on adults. Holden is a lonely and a mysterious person who often thinks differently from others. You may see obvious signs that Holden is a troubled and unreliable narrator, who fails out of four schools and is very careless about his future. This may not be the case if every teenager’s life, but those who are forced into education have a likely chance of turning into a Holden. The ISU novel â€Å"Juvie Three† by Gordon Korman, was identical to catcher since it too talked about the life of a teenagers but from a criminal’s point of view. The three protagonists Gecko, Arjay and Terence are convicts who are given a second chance to better their lives and to start fresh. The book talks about the struggles and decisions the three made in order to stay out of trouble. Although both books may be similar, the protagonists both have totally different goals and ideas of future. Also the stories are more imaginative and less realistic when looking at certain parts in the book. But for a fact the novels portray a major theme that is a key aspect to a teenager, which is alienation as for self protection. Holden has alienated himself to keep from the dangers others may bring upon him, whereas the protagonist in â€Å"Juvie Three† have alienated themselves to keep away from trouble. Both the novels and my life can relate and differentiate from the life of a teenager and the influence the society has on us all. We are the kids of the baby boomers, thus making our parents have total control over some of our lives. Some teens were forced into education, like Holden by his parents, which is apparently the key to having a â€Å"successful† future. In Holden’s case he is far from having a successful future due to his bad intentions towards education, which his parents are aware of. â€Å"Juvie Three† also shows great examples of when the three criminals are under the supervision of adults and have little or no freedom at anytime. Adults have always had power over us; take for example the government, which consists of adults who decide on how the economy should be structured. We are required to live under their rules, since we are too â€Å"young† and â€Å"irresponsible† to have our own voice. The voting age in Canada is 18, meaning the government and its leaders of the past and present are saying that we who are considered â€Å"minors† should not have a say in our country of birth. This brings down our self esteem and it can have a major psychological effect as we grow older. When Holden got involved with the pimp at the hotel, the pimp dominated him, regardless the fact he is just a teenager going through change. â€Å"Life is a game, boy. Life is a game that one plays according to the rules. † This quote was said by one of Holden’s professors, and after Holden took in the meaning of this advice, he reacted by telling himself, â€Å"Game, my ass. Some game. If you get on the side where all the hot-shots are, then it’s a game, all right- I’ll admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there aren’t any hot-shots, then what’s a game about it? Nothing. No game. What the intention here is that adults are always looking and giving acknowledgment from their point of view, rather than looking from a teenagers point. Adults giving advice from their perspectives, with lack of familiarity with teenagers’ life can only lead one through the wrong path. â€Å"Juvie three,† as I stated, portrays a great example of domination by adults, as the three protagonists have lost the little freedom they had in jail when they were released into the custody of Douglas Healy. Healy has received a New Directions to create a living situation for boys in the juvenile detention system. He will be living with and supervising the trio in an apartment and they will be carefully overseen during every moment as they attend a public high school, participate in community service and take part in group counseling. They will also have no contact with any family or friends for the first 10 months. The three were randomly chosen and forced by â€Å"adults† to participate in this program, even though it may seem like its helping, the boys themselves affirmed that they’d rather stay in jail. Yet regardless they were put into the program. We are all meant to be free birds, to fly free in our own little routes, but the contemplation of a teenager from an adult’s point of view will trap us in a cage forever. Another factor that was portrayed in both the novels and my personal life is the fear of a teens going into the world of adultery. In my novel called â€Å"Juvie Three†, the three main protagonists have accidently put their guardian in a coma and are currently taking in the responsibility as an adult to hide their crime. They seem to face many hardships in dealing with the situations. I myself am fearful of my future every time I think of attending college. The fear of not being prepared and the nervousness about my expectations make my heart skip beats. As well my decisions made will be the first milestone towards my future in pursing my â€Å"dream† career. In my previous paragraph I talked about adults over ruling the teenagers, I fear of truing into that person. Out of the two books â€Å"The Cather in the Rye† portrayed more fear of change than â€Å"Juvie Three† because at one point Holden states that â€Å"The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody’d move. . . . Nobody’d be different. The only thing that would be different would be you. † This symbolizes that Holden fears and does not know how to deal with conflict, confusion, and change. The museum presents him with an idea of life he can understand, since it is frozen, silent, and always the same. Every individual is afraid of change, not considering the fact that it may be positive or negative. One factor that differentiates both the novels is peer support and the individual’s ability to make and keep friends. As I read catcher, I learned that Holden is a very lonely individual who can’t maintain a stable relationship with any of his peers. He feels as if he is alienated since he has nothing in common with those whom he knows. Holden had approached many in hope to earn their trust, but most these conversation end up in a character leaving or them bringing Holden’s self esteem down by contradicting with his ideas and thoughts. It is a fact that Holden is diagnosed with some kind of mental issue since he fails to pursue ideas that are less realistic. I congratulate him for having great fantasizes, but he has to be able to think like a real person in order to gain love from those he cares about. Whereas the character from my novel, were able to make friends in their new school in no time. The main protagonist Gecko was able to make friends and even ends up in a deep relationship with a girl he just met. The difference between Gecko and Holden is that Gecko has a fixed mind when approaching someone, while Holden has 100s of things running through his head making him confused on what he should say and how he should response. Also Holden barely gets any support from his peers except for his sister who seems to be the only relation who cares for him, whereas Gecko and the two other protagonists seem to have a strong bond between them. Alienation and the lack of peer support play a great role in the novel, since the entire plot is based on one’s aptitude to make and keep friends. Holden Caulfield is a free bird released into the night skies of New York City, where he can do whatever he desires to do for the few days he decides to stay there. Even though Holden may be a confused and lonely individual, he has a strong sense of his neighborhood he grew up in. He knows the bars, clubs, hotels, theaters and stores, making him very aware of his surroundings. He even knows a lot of other characters, but is unfortunately afraid to approach many of them. On the other hand, Gecko, Arjay and Terence are all new to New York City, and have no idea where places are, not even their school. When their guardian goes into a coma, they struggle to find their destinations around the city. I personally like moving from place to place maybe because I’m used to it, since I moved to 6 different places in 9 years time. It is hard to adapt to change, but once you get used to the environment, life goes on. Out of all ages, we teens from the ages of 14-17 experience the most difficult factors relating to over control by adults and pressure from society or peers. Even though all or lives may not be the same, we can all relate in one way or another. Both the authors have done a magnificent job in representing the lives of teens growing up. Even if you are a mentally challenged or a convicted criminal, you will still face issues that will turn your life upside down. It is up to you, as a responsible and intelligent teenager to make smart decisions to overcome these encounters. Know your place, know your parents and know your peers, this way you can be your own self and fight the stereotypes placed on young teenagers like us. The Catcher in the Rye† Summary The Catcher in the Rye begins with Holden Caulfield at Pencey Prep School in Pennsylvania, where hes just been kicked out for failing all his classes. In the dorm, Holden introduces Ackley, who is a pimply and annoying kid and also his other roommate Stradlater who is very good looking according to Holden. Holden writes about his younger brother Allie, who died three years prior because he was diagnosed with leukemia. Stradlater comes back and gets into a fight with Holden, so Holden decides to leave Pencey, right then and there. He gets off at station in New York, and he wants to call someone but cant decide who, and ends up taking a cab to the a Hotel. Once hes gotten a room at the hotel, Holden tries calling a girl who he knows, but fails to make a date with her. In the hotel lounge, he dances with three girls, only one of whom is attractive. When the girls take off, Holden thinks of Jane whom he had a crush on a few summers ago. Back in his hotel, he ends up with a prostitute named Sunny in his room. Hes more into talking than sex, and Sunny, whos quite young herself, gets confused and leaves his room with a little of Holdens money but no sex. She comes back later with her pimp, and Holden ends up paying the prostitute double. The next day Holden leaves his hotel, makes a date with an old friend named Sally Hayes. Holden heads to the park to kill some time before his date with Sally. So he chats with a girl in the park. He had thoughts about the museum he used to visit as a child, he remarks on how the displays behind the glass cases always stay the same, but the people that visit are different every time. He meets Sally and goes skating with her. He shares with Sally his fantasy of running away, living in a log cabin for the rest of his life. When Sally does not feel like running away to a cabin, Holden flips out and Sally ends up leaving. Alone yet again for the evening, Holden calls up an old friend from school, Carl, and arranges to meet him for drinks. At the bar, Carl and Holden go of in the wrong path making Carl leave early. Holden leaves home and visits an old teacher, Mr. Antolini. He gets another long lecture on the importance of education, and later Holden finds out that the teacher is a pervert which made him spend the rest of the night at a train station. Holden decides to run away, informs his sister Phoebe, and finally meets up with her. She has decided that she wants to run away with him. Holden explains this isnt possible. Phoebe gets angry and ignores Holden. But they get together later and end up at the carousel, where Holden promises Phoebe that he wont run away after all. As he watches her go around on the carousel, he states that hes happy, which is the first time weve heard him say that in the novel. One year later Holden is in therapy for getting sick in some way. THE END Catcher in the Rye Essays Catcher in the Rye Essay Catcher in the Rye Essay Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye You ought to go to a boys school sometimes. Try it sometime, I said. Its full of phonies, and all you do is study so that you can learn enough to be smart enough to be able to buy a goddam Cadillac some day, and you have to keep making believe you give a damn if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day, and everybody sticks together in these dirty little goddam cliques. The guys that are on the basketball team stick together, the goddam intellectuals stick together, the guys that play bridge stick together. Even the guys that belong to the goddam Book-of-the-Month Club stick together. (Salinger, 170) The selected passage above portrays Holden’s adolescent view of society which he sees as corrupt and in which he cannot seem to function. The passage shows how he alienates himself from society as a whole. Throughout the novel, Holden attacks various aspects of humanity and is hypercritical of everyone and everything around him. Holden ’s writing style in the passage reflects this conflict within him. Salinger uses diction in this work to show Holden’s maturity level as well as his hostility towards those around him. In addition, Holden’s first person narrative voice reveals his fears and insecurities.The author also uses the frenetic pace of Holden’s narrative to portray the characters increasing anxieties as the novel progresses. Holden’s tone fluctuates throughout the novel and he constantly repeats the same words and ideas as a way of making the reader sense the conflicts within him. This passage depicts Holden Caulfield’s alienation from society on his journey from childhood to adulthood, and eventually the toll it takes on his mental state. Holden frequently uses the word â€Å"phonies† throughout the novel to refer to what he sees as the hypocrisy of the world around him.To Holden, schools such as Pency and the other prep schools he attended represent all tha t Holden believes is superficial or phony. As a result of getting kicked out of school, Holden puts the idea in his head that now he can accomplish something and separate himself from the phonies. Sadly, Holden doesn’t just categorize the boys at school phonies but he seems to consider almost every type of person he comes across a phony. The use of the word â€Å"Phonies† shows his attitude towards adults and adulthood and also his maturity level. Holden’s colloquial style of speaking r his narrative voice help to reveal his fears and anxieties about adulthood. For instance, Holden begins to talk about future professions. Although he is interested in the practice of law he is thrown off by whether the true purpose is to actually help out an innocent person or to achieve success. The same idea is depicted through his attitude about his brother D. B. Holden classifies D. B as a â€Å"phony† because he has a remarkable talent in writing, but threw it away wh en he moved to Hollywood for a career in movie writing. To Holden, Children are the only people who are not phonies.He thinks so highly of Phoebe because she is so innocent. Holden feels at peace when he hears the boy singing the Catcher In The Rye song when he walks down the street. Another theme of the novel highlighted in this passage is Holden’s concern with the pressures of a teenager growing up. Through the use of repetition the reader understands Holden’s conflicting emotions and apprehension when it comes to women, alcohol, and sex. The tone of this conversation with Sally in the passage is extremely aggressive. Throughout the novel the tone fluctuates between calm and straightforward to frantic and erratic.In this particular passage Holden is so antagonistic and passionate in his speech that he confuses and frightens Sally. She asks him not to shout and says she doesn’t have any idea what he’s talking about. From Holden’s aggressive tone w e as readers can feel the fragility of his mental state. Earlier in the novel we see Holden’s uneasiness about girls and sex when Stradlater takes Jane out on a date. Holden says, â€Å" I kept thinking about Jane, and about Stradlater having a date with her and all. It made me so nervous I nearly went crazy. I already told you what a sexy bastard Stradlater was. (Salinger 44-45) Another one of Holden’s obsessions is alcohol. He constantly goes to different bars where he is able to order drinks because of his height and grey hair. Again we see his maturity level when Holden becomes out of hand when he drinks. For example, the night he became extremely drunk and he spoke to Sally like a madman over the phone. The fact the Holden constantly smokes also indicates Holden’s desperate need for help and guidance. Sadly, His inability to cope with his journey into adulthood ultimately results in his breakdown. This passage highlights Holden’s feeling of total di sconnection to all of the people around him.We are able to understand through Holden’s narrative perspective that he is not able to place himself anywhere among his peers when he lists all of the cliques and groups to which he does not belong. In many ways this outlook is typical of any adolescent boy but Holden clearly is struggling beyond what most would consider normal. The fact that the reader knows at the beginning of the novel that Holden is still struggling with all of these problems makes us both sympathetic and frustrated with the lack of support he receives from anyone throughout his journey.It is understandable that Holden is stressed considering he is going through hormonal changes, obviously he is still grieving over the death of his brother, he witnesses a suicide, and he seems to not adult figure to turn to. This section of the novel ultimately foreshadows Holden’s breakdown. Just before this passage he says to Sally, â€Å"did you ever get fed up? â₠¬  I said. â€Å" I mean did you ever get scarred that everything was going lousy unless you did something? I mean do you like school, and all that stuff? † (Salinger 169. ) This quote clearly connects to Holden’s ultimate breakdown.Throughout the novel, Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As he says to Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on â€Å"the other side† of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesn’t belong. This passage highlights that aspect of the novel. Through his use of the characters tone, voice, perspective, repletion, and pace the author shows Holden to be an emotionally unstable boy. This passage shows the extreme nature of Holden’s alienation. As Phoebe accurately states towards the end of the novel, â€Å"you don’t like anything that’s happening. † (Salinger 220)

Battle of Blenheim in the War of Spanish Succession

Battle of Blenheim in the War of Spanish Succession Battle of Blenheim - Conflict Date: The Battle of Blenheim was fought August 13, 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). Commanders Armies: Grand Alliance John Churchill, Duke of MarlboroughPrince Eugà ¨ne of Savoy52,000 men, 60 guns France Bavaria Duc de TallardMaximilian II EmanuelFerdinand de Marsin56,000 men, 90 guns Battle of Blenheim - Background: In 1704, King Louis XIV of France sought to knock the Holy Roman Empire out of the War of Spanish Succession by capturing its capital, Vienna. Eager to keep the Empire in the Grand Alliance (England, Habsburg Empire, Dutch Republic, Portugal, Spain, the Duchy of Savoy), the Duke of Marlborough made plans to intercept the French and Bavarian forces before they could reach Vienna. Executing a brilliant campaign of disinformation and movement, Marlborough was able to shift his army from the Low Countries to the Danube in only five weeks, placing himself between the enemy and the Imperial capital. Reinforced by Prince Eugà ¨ne of Savoy, Marlborough encountered the combined French and Bavarian army of Marshall Tallard along the banks of the Danube near the village of Blenheim. Separated from the Allies by a small stream and marsh known as the Nebel, Tallard arrayed his forces in a four mile-long line from the Danube north towards the hills and woods of the Swabian Jura. Anchoring the line were the villages of Lutzingen (left), Oberglau (center), and Blenheim (right). On the Allied side, Marlborough and Eugà ¨ne had decided to attack Tallard on August 13. Battle of Blenheim - Marlborough Attacks: Assigning Prince Eugà ¨ne to take Lutzingen, Marlborough ordered Lord John Cutts to attack Blenheim at 1:00 PM. Cutts repeatedly assaulted the village, but was unable to secure it. Though the attacks were not successful, they caused the French commander, Clà ©rambault, to panic and order the reserves into the village. This mistake robbed Tallard of his reserve force and negated the slight numerical advantage he possessed over Marlborough. Seeing this error, Marlborough altered his orders to Cutts, instructing him to simply contain the French in the village. At the opposite end of the line, Prince Eugà ¨ne was having little success against the Bavarian forces defending Lutzingen, despite having launched multiple assaults. With Tallards forces pinned down on the flanks, Marlborough pushed forward an attack on the French center. After heavy initial fighting, Marlborough was able to defeat Tallards cavalry and routed the remaining French infantry. With no reserves, Tallards line broke and his troops began fleeing towards Hà ¶chstdt. They were joined in their flight by the Bavarians from Lutzingen. Trapped in Blenheim, Clà ©rambaults men continued the fight until 9:00 PM when over 10,000 of them surrendered. As the French fled southwest, a group of Hessian troops managed to capture Marshall Tallard, who was to spend the next seven years in captivity in England. Battle of Blenheim - Aftermath Impact: In the fighting at Blenheim, the Allies lost 4,542 killed and 7,942 wounded, while the French and Bavarians suffered approximately 20,000 killed and wounded as well as 14,190 captured. The Duke of Marlboroughs victory at Blenheim ended the French threat to Vienna and removed the aura of invincibility that surrounded the armies of Louis XIV. The battle was a turning point in the War of Spanish Succession, ultimately leading to the Grand Alliances victory and an end of French hegemony over Europe.

Making Print Pretty with Microsoft Word

Making Print Pretty with Microsoft Word Print on Demand makes publishing print books easy, but to look professional, formatting is key. Here are general tips for a polished layout using Microsoft Word. Check your Help menu for specifics on your version of Word. Start setting up as you write: = Use the indent setting rather than tabs or hitting the space bar several times. This allows you to adjust your indentations precisely. (Use the Find and Replace option to remove tabs or extra spaces, replacing with nothing.) = Use section breaks rather than page breaks between chapters. More on this later. Save a document specifically for your print version, separate from your ebook version. Set your page size to the books trim size. 6 x 9 is common. For margins, use Custom Margins. Select Multiple Pages and then Mirror Margins for different inside and outside margins. For CreateSpace POD, your interior margin must be at least .375 for books up to 150 pages, and .75 for books with 151 to 400 pages. Other margins must be at least .25 inches but may be larger for aesthetics. You may also need to adjust your header and footer distances to get the margins you want. I use Top Margin .7; Inside .75; Gutter 0; Bottom .3; Outside .3. Find print books that are visually appealing to you and measure their margins. The first page is automatically a right-hand page. Make this a title page. The following pages list the publisher, ISBN, dedication, etc. Study traditional books on your shelf for ideas. Use section break between every page. The first chapter should start on a right-hand page. All other chapters can start on either the left or right page in novels. Non-fiction books should have a blank page before each chapter. If you need a blank page, insert an additional section break. Choose your font and type size. Adjust the leading, the space between lines. In Word 2007, go to the Home Tab - Paragraph - Line Spacing and choose Exactly and then the leading you want. 12.4 and 13.3 are common for leading, but you may want more or less depending on the font and font size. Make sure youre not cutting off hanging letters from the line above. Double check in the PDF version of your document, as it may look different from the Word version. Use a serif font and keep fonts simple. Avoid large passages of hard-to-read italics, cursive-style fonts, etc. Use double justified text (not ragged right). Title and other front matter may be center justified. Format chapter headings. You may want to center these and adjust the size. Study other books for ideas, and play around to see whats possible. Use the Insert button for any interior art. Insert your Headers or Footers with page numbers. Use alternating pages to put your author name on one page and the book title on the facing page. Adjust the font and font size. Remove any extra returns forcing hidden blank lines. Set your header with no header on first page, to remove headers on title pages and the first page of each chapter. Avoid headers in your front and back matter. Using section breaks between every page plus no header on first page should remove these. Review for widows, orphans, rivers, etc. Be sure your formatting is consistent. Save a copy as a PDF, choosing standard format. Check the ISO option if its not embedding the fonts. Double-check that all your formatting came through, such as italics and spacing. Now you can upload your document. CreateSpace leads you through the process. Make sure that you choose the trim size equal to your formatted document. Order a proof copy and study it for errors. And now youre in print! Resources Industry standards from The Chicago Manual of Style Proper typography marks, such as em versus en dashes Tips for using graphics within the text DIY Book Formats has an online tutorial for How to Format a Book in MS Word CreateSpace has downloadable templates and instructions CreateSpaces Trim Size chart lists available trim sizes

Deep Vein Thrombosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Deep Vein Thrombosis - Essay Example This condition was chosen because it was interesting that there are so many different ways that DVT can develop. DVT is defined as a blood clot that appears in the thigh or lower leg. (National Health Lung and Blood Institute, 2009). The blood clot goes deep into the body and it is a result of blood thickening and then clumping together. When a blood clot goes deep into a vein, it can break off and move through the individual’s blood stream. Many people have heard about embolisms and this is what the loose clot is called. The blood clot can block blood flow to the lungs and heart at any time When it blocks off blood flow to the lungs, it is called a pulmonary embolism (PE) (National Health Lung and Blood Institute, 2009). PE can become so severe that it can cause damage to other organs and eventually will cause death. There are many situations in which DVT can begin. In some situations, a blood clot can happen after surgery. When an individual leads a very sedentary lifestyle without a lot of movement, the blood flow can become sluggish, which can allow the blood to clot in the veins. Some causes happen because of an inherited condition, hormone therapy, or taking birth control pills (National Health Lung and Blood Institute, 2009). Most doctors and researchers say that there are only a few risk factors that they have been able to find in this situation. Some of the risk factors include injury to a deep vein after surgery, obesity, and having heart problems. Also, when people get older, they have a tendency to be more sedentary and DVT has been shown to happen in people over 60. The signs and symptoms of DVT are very subtle and most people will not know that they are ill. The other challenge is that only about 50% of people have symptoms before something larger begins to happen. Some of the signs and symptoms are: 1. Legs swelling or swelling of a vein in the leg. 2. Pain or tenderness in the leg, especially when standing or walking. 3. The leg feels warmer in one area than in the rest of the leg. 4. A read or discolored area in the skin appears. 5. PE—which can begin with â€Å"coughing up blood, an unexplained shortness of breath, pain when deep breathing or rapid breathing with a fast heart rate†.

Packaging and it is future in the United States Essay

Packaging and it is future in the United States - Essay Example In the United States packaging is used for different purposes. Four uses for packaging are: To contain products in specific amounts defining the amount the customer will purchase To protect products from contamination, theft, and environmental damage Facilitate transportation and storage of products To provide information and colorful designs To transmit marketing messages (Berger). During the 21st century the customer tastes and preferences have changed a lot. People have become more conscious of the environment and the effects personal consumerism decisions have on the well being of the planet. Due to these changes in the customer desires many companies are using environmentally friendly packaging alternatives. An example of an environmentally friendly packaging product is packaging that utilizes recycled material. Companies can also apply environmentally friendly practices in its packaging through its processes. Creating a packaging facility that is powered by solar energy is a wa y to implement green practices into the packaging business. Green practices can extend to other phases of the business such as having an office environment that is paper free.

Career Goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Goals - Assignment Example Four years of graduation as a sponsored student need more time and effort than any other student as my academic record will be under the observation of my educators, sponsors and family. Thus, I have to focus earnestly, study persistently to earn good grades and learn the taught skill with zeal so to be an apt pilot. This initial focus and effort will enable me to earn high GPA in the class and it will be easier for me to attain the piloting license. Based on my academic profile and efforts to earn more flying hours in Saudi Airline, I will be to attain enough flying hours so to become a Captain. In Saudi Airline, I plan to develop full potential as a responsible and skilled pilot under the influence of a senior Captain so I can become one skilled pilot myself swiftly. After earning the title of Captain in Saudi Airline and developing a good reputation in this field, I plan to join Qatar Airways, which has the esteem reputation of a top-notch airline. Qatar Air has the quality of being the best airline for pilots especially for a Captain, as they offer many privileges and handsome pay, which any pilot can dream

Madeleine An Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Madeleine An Autobiography - Essay Example Madeleine lived in a society which would rather abhor social digresses like Madeleine than treating the cause of digression. Being a woman of the late Gilded Age, Madeleine had to suffer from the social problems such as gender discrimination, moral decay, the rapid collapse of the rural economy, etc which were directly related to industrialization and urbanization. Though the Gilded Age experienced the boom of the mechanized urban economy, it was not prepared enough to face the commotions and moral decay that the collapse of the rural decline. Women, of affluent social status, like Madeleine, could hardly bear the insult which the society inflicted upon for them for the moral digression. But the society could do little to protect them from the lust of their male counterparts. Therefore, being forced by circumstances, they choose prostitution to save their own lives.  Being raised with pure Christian teachings in an economically affluent family, Madeleine could have fairly managed a decent way of living for herself. â€Å"She was brought up in a strict heaven-and-hell belief† (Madeleine 34). Even her great-grandfather was quite well-known for his religiosity. He was â€Å"often quick to anger, she said, but he was also quick to repentance, and if he had offended relative or friend he asked his pardon and the pardon of God before he slept.† (Madeleine 45) Though Madeleine’s religious background and teaching were few of psychological strengths which could protect her from being a prostitute. But ironically her family background and religious teachings contribute to the growth of self-reproach, for her juvenile pregnancy, so strongly that she took a wrong decision to run away from Mrs. James’s house in Missouri.  Even if she could remain with her mother in her hometown, she might have received her mother’s proper attention. She needed parental support in her home. She â€Å"needed both her parents† (Madeleine 23).  

Business Synoptic 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Business Synoptic 1 - Essay Example This has been described in detail in the diagram elucidating a close linkage between the concepts. The diagram below helps to understand the linkage between the strategic management and the management accounting. Evidence Link between Strategic management and Management Accounting Accounting plays a vital role in the calculation of the product and to measure the profitability of the customers. In the figure above, it can be seen that the supply chain management of the company which is a strategic management concept can be linked to the customer focused accounting which on the other hand is a management accounting concept. The link between the two concepts is evident in the form of increased sales, profitability and productivity. The strategic decision making process incorporates a customer focus in order to guide value creation and delivery decisions. It is useless to supply the goods and services if the organisation is not able to create value in the minds of the customers. The mana gement accounting techniques involve efficiency measures and control which help the organisation to analyse the performance of the suppliers and the abilities of the company. It is worth noticing that the supply chain management consists of each of the link in the whole supply chain, starting from the producer to the consumers. In case of horizontal organisation, the use of various management accounting techniques such as target costing, life cycle costing, consumer focused accounting, theory of constraints, balance scorecard and activity based cost management techniques are evident. The overall activity of the supply chain can be aligned with the wants and needs of the customers in order to satisfy both the organisations as well as the customers. If the company’s supply chain is customer focused then the company as a whole will be benefited. Based upon Nestle’s case study, a connection can be formed between the strategic management and the management accounting that e lucidates the firm’s approach in its highly successful growth strategy. It has been argued by the researcher that the organisation that implements the strategic management approaches tend to be at a successful and profitable state. The business that uses the strategic management approaches shows progress in sales, profitability as well as productivity in comparison to the firms which lacked systematic planning activities (Virtual University of Pakistan, n.d.) There are various elements that are involved in Nestle’s competitive strategic management approach. They are ‘situation analysis, the strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation’. The competitive strategy of Nestle is associated with foreign direct investment in both the businesses namely the dairy and food businesses. It has been believed by the company that strengthening their leadership in this market is the most important element of their corporate strategy (Castelarhost,

Madeleine An Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Madeleine An Autobiography - Essay Example Madeleine lived in a society which would rather abhor social digresses like Madeleine than treating the cause of digression. Being a woman of the late Gilded Age, Madeleine had to suffer from the social problems such as gender discrimination, moral decay, the rapid collapse of the rural economy, etc which were directly related to industrialization and urbanization. Though the Gilded Age experienced the boom of the mechanized urban economy, it was not prepared enough to face the commotions and moral decay that the collapse of the rural decline. Women, of affluent social status, like Madeleine, could hardly bear the insult which the society inflicted upon for them for the moral digression. But the society could do little to protect them from the lust of their male counterparts. Therefore, being forced by circumstances, they choose prostitution to save their own lives.  Being raised with pure Christian teachings in an economically affluent family, Madeleine could have fairly managed a decent way of living for herself. â€Å"She was brought up in a strict heaven-and-hell belief† (Madeleine 34). Even her great-grandfather was quite well-known for his religiosity. He was â€Å"often quick to anger, she said, but he was also quick to repentance, and if he had offended relative or friend he asked his pardon and the pardon of God before he slept.† (Madeleine 45) Though Madeleine’s religious background and teaching were few of psychological strengths which could protect her from being a prostitute. But ironically her family background and religious teachings contribute to the growth of self-reproach, for her juvenile pregnancy, so strongly that she took a wrong decision to run away from Mrs. James’s house in Missouri.  Even if she could remain with her mother in her hometown, she might have received her mother’s proper attention. She needed parental support in her home. She â€Å"needed both her parents† (Madeleine 23).  

The Effectiveness of Various Organizational Functions that Involve the Term Paper

The Effectiveness of Various Organizational Functions that Involve the Controller - Term Paper Example Effective organizational functions make the building blocks of an efficient organization. Different organizations develop different approaches for organizational functioning in order to protect the interests of various stakeholders while leaving managers enough freedom to take managerial decisions and actions. The effectiveness of organizational functions depends on decision-making and on the execution of decisions. The controller or senior financial officer of the organization plays major roles in planning and managing different organizational functions. Their capabilities and efficiency are often reflected in organizational efficiency. Organizational functions that are based on the principle of profitability for all of the organization's stakeholders assure the most effective behavior of enterprises. With the evolution of modern organizational management practices, the owners and different stakeholders of the organization hire professional managers to manage organizational functions. This helps in the development and optimal exploits of organizational functions. This professional controller or senior financial officers strive for most efficient coordination between various organizational functions. Planning and budgeting are essential components of an effective and efficient organizational function, though run incongruence of the planning process, should not interfere with the planning process in the same way planning process should also take care of budgeting and should not pursue unrealistic visions without any consideration of economic feasibility. It has been pointed out by various studies on the relationship between strategic planning and budgeting that a better strategic planning results in reduced budgeting constraints and more efficient organization and in turn reduced budgeting constrain and efficient organization results in better strategic planning.

The Kickapoo Indians Essay Example for Free

The Kickapoo Indians Essay The growth of today’s youth in an endangered culture. I. Topic The Kickapoo Indians are a type of Native American people that have tribes across the United States. Stationed in Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the Kickapoo Indians have a culture that has not been looked over and talked about much in our world and lifetime. While they are part of the overall population of our country, we know little about them, and the influence they have on their children and the youth around them in the community. I want to study the youth culture and see how the Kickapoo Indians affect the other cultures around them. II. Literature Review I have done many searches on many sites to look for any research and studies on this tribe and the culture of these people. The states in which they live have the most information about them. The state with the most information is Texas, and there is more information on the Mexican Kickapoo Indians than the other three combined. III. Methodology To study the life and effect of the Kickapoo Indians, the plan is to join into their tribe under the clarification that it will be to show the world more about their culture. We would need to gain funding to help with living costs until the researchers are able to find suitable replacements in the area. We plan to ask permissions for this fieldwork to study the tribe currently in the lower portion of Texas. (see map) The plan is to win trust among the people, and slowly ask them to introduce us to their ceremonies, and beliefs and culture over time. We plan to gain at least three informants. We would pick an informant from each age group to better understand the evolution of the tribe through these past years. (Chapter 5 of Book). We would also like to accomplish a mapping process to understand how the distribution of the land works for the tribe as a whole. (Chapter 5) The tribe, being in lower Texas, will easily be reached by plane. No passports or documents needed for out of country fieldwork will be needed for this field research. The foreseeable problems would be being able to ain access to the tribe grounds, as well as integrate into their community without repercussions. We expect to be able to approach the tribe after a year to two years of preparations prior to the move. After we arrive we figure it will be at a max, an amount of 4 years to be able to gather the information we can from the tribe. We believe it will take a minimum of 2 years in order to gain the trust fully of the tribe. Then another two years to gain th e information from the three informants we hope to gain. IV. Ethical Considerations We are unsure of what type of ethical problems we will be facing when it comes to the Texas tribe of the Kickapoo Indians. Seeing as how these Indians are part of the American culture as well, it would be safe to bet that it would be one of the safer tribes in the world to visit. We can ensure confidentiality using methods placed by federal systems, and can refrain from using informants that fear for their safety among the tribe if they wish, so that they are protected. We can also alert the reservation law enforcement to make sure we are backed up in the protection of the people. We will do anything we can to ensure that any risk to being a participant in our fieldwork is minimal. (Activity 1 Information page) V. Conclusion In conclusion, we would like to study the Texas tribe of Kickapoo Indians to learn about how their youth continue to thrive in the traditions of their elders as they grow in the ever changing world on the United States. With the Kickapoo youth being a part of normal American society we get to see the influence of the traditions of their culture in them, as they influence others around them.

Teenage pregnancy in Lagos Island

Teenage pregnancy in Lagos Island Although, teenage pregnancy could be unplanned as well as accidental. It usually occurs within the context of early marriage and also as a result of societal change of which the value system and virginity at marriage are no longer upheld. Certain problems are associated with teenage pregnancy such as economic, psychological, socio-cultural and others. It is no longer a diplomatic statement that young people in the last decade, especially within the age group of 10-18 years, are living beyond the yard sticks of adventures compared to the youths of the 90s. A blend of unpredictable, news breaking activities and issues of topmost concern has risen in the last few years. One of the most striking facts is the rising number of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is a result of sexual intercourse between young girls and boys who are in their growing years, exploring the changes happening in their bodies by having unsafe sex with each other. Health organizations across the world are still in the frontlines of reducing maternal deaths due to complications and diseases. But even now, however, they have more to do with the increasing number of teenage pregnancy. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009) Bearing a child while still in childhood themselves, these young mothers under the age of 20 are prone to birth injuries and maternal death. It also affects their emotional well being: Teenage mothers are 3 times more likely to suffer from post-natal depression and experience poor mental health for up to 3 years after the birth. Children born to teenage mothers have 60% higher rates of infant mortality and are at increased risk of low birth-weight which impacts on the childs long-term health. Further more, they are at increased risk to be brought up in poverty. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009) Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or underaged girl (usually within the ages of 13-19) becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under 15 and those living in developing countries.( Mayor S 2004) For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors.( Makinson C. 1985) Data supporting teenage pregnancy as a social issue in developed countries include lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. For these reasons, there have been many studies and campaigns which attempt to uncover the causes and limit the numbers of teenage pregnancies.(The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy 2002). In other countries and cultures, particularly in the developing world, teenage pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not involve a social stigma. (Population Council 2006) 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is very rampant in our society where there is an increase in the reported cases of teenager pregnancy. This ugly incident has created huge concern for the society especially to determine if the concern would have good future as well as their children. Again, the health implications of these children is another issue of worry. Causes of Teenage Pregnancy In the developed world, the causes of teenage pregnancy is different in the sense that it is mostly outside marriage and carries lots of social stigma. Thus, adolescent sexual behaviour is one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. In our world today, having sex before 20yrs is the in thing, it is even the normal all over the world and this brought about high levels of adolescent pregnancy which creates sexual relationship among teenagers without the provision of comprehensive information about sex. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007) The in-take of drugs, alcohol etc contributes a lot to teenage pregnancy meanwhile as a teenager you may not be ready for sexual intercourse at that moment but being intoxicated with drugs and alcohol makes you to be involved in unintended sexual activity just because sex at that time is less emotionally painful and embarrassing. To avoid this, eradicate anything alcohol or drugs. Furthermore, sexual abuse is also one of the causes of teenage pregnancy. Rape as a sexual abuse has more effect in the life of our teenage girls causing unwanted sex and teenage pregnancy. Age discrepancies also causes teenage pregnancy in the sense that a teenage girl with a partner much older than herself is more likely to get pregnant more often than a girl that have a partner of a close age, as she prefers having the children than abortion since she is not educated enough to use contraceptives. (Chinwe Chibuzo, P. 2007) Childhood environment Women exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhood are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming pregnant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. According to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond. When the family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pregnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, negative psychosocial consequences.( Tamkins, T. 2004) Effect of Teenage Pregnancy on Educational Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers. Assessing the independent effect of teenage pregnancy on educational disabilities and educational problems in a total population of children who entered kindergarten in Florida in 1992-1994 and investigate how controlling for potentially confounding factors affects the relation between teenage pregnancies and poor outcome. When no other factors are taken into account, children of teenage mothers have significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status, poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effec ts disappear and even some protective effects are observed. Hence, the increased risk for educational problems and disabilities among children of teenage mothers is attributed not to the effect of young age but to the confounding influences of associated socio-demographic factors. In contrast to teen age, older maternal age has an adverse effect on a childs educational outcome regardless of whether other factors are controlled for or not. (Ralitza V. Gueorguieva 2001) Preventing Teen Pregnancy It has been found that teens who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to experience a pregnancy. Good communication between parents and their children is the key to ensuring children make the right decisions when it comes to their sexual activity. (Pregnancy info 2009) Evidence from areas with the largest reductions has identified a range of factors that need to be in place to successfully reduce teenage pregnancy rates. These factors include a well-publicised contraceptive and sexual health advice service which is centred on young people. The service needs to have a strong remit to undertake health promotion work, as well as delivering reactive services. It is key to prioritize sexual and reproductive health education at schools, supported from the local authority to develop comprehensive programmes of sex and relationships education (SRE) in all schools. (Femi A. A. Sofia Krauss, 2009) Education is also vitally important in helping youth know about their options when it comes to sex. Teaching teens about using contraception each and every time they have sex is imperative to healthy sexual relationships. Abstinence should also be taught along with contraception so that youth understand they have the right to choose. Teaching teens that it is okay to say no to sex until they are ready will help to curb the numbers of teen pregnancies. (Pregnancy info 2009) The Challenges of Early Motherhood Facing an unplanned teen pregnancy can be hard. The effects of teenage pregnancy are not limited to having to decide whether or not to keep the baby, how to cope with motherhood or whether to make an adoption plan. One of the most immediate effects of teen pregnancy is how the growing baby changes a teenagers body as well as their lifestyle. Because a teens body immediately begins the process of carrying a child and preparing for childbirth, a teenager needs to consider the effect that her physical activities may have on her developing baby. A variety of activities common to teens may have a negative effect on a developing baby: Drinking alcoholic beverages, Smoking cigarettes or marijuana, Lack of sleep and Unhealthy eating patterns. (Pregnancy center.orgOther physical changes that take place as her uterus expands may impact things as simple as clothing choices or her ability to safely participate in sports. This means that an average teenage girl will need to speak with her doctor about what activities need to be limited during her pregnancy as well as what changes she might need to make to her diet. Emotional Effects of Teen Pregnancy (Pregnancy center.org) Dealing with an unplanned pregnancy can be scary and confusing. Some of the emotions that teen may encounter when facing an unplanned pregnancy are: Initial excitement, Confusion, Fear, Resentment and Frustration. Its a natural response for you to think about and want to protect the baby that is growing inside you. It is also natural for you to be scared and confused about how to deal with this unplanned pregnancy. (Pregnancy center.org) Teenage mothers in industrialized countries mostly lack a proper social network consisting of family, friends and elder women which is usually present in developing countries. Besides, there are many social pressures on them. The main pressure on young pregnant women is, of course, to come to a decision about the unborn child, considering the options of keeping the child, adoption and abortion. Other pressures are education and money. For one, young teenage women in industrialized countries are generally expected to get educated and find work. This becomes almost impossible when having a baby without a strong social network. Then, there often are financial pressures, since the lack of education often leads to unemployment or the dependency on low paid jobs or welfare. (Martin Bohn 2009); Risks for Teenage Mothers and their Child As a result, teenage pregnancy may lead to various problems for both the mother and the child. According to a student fact sheet of the Australian organization Womens Health Queensland Wide, teenage mothers and their children may face some of the following risks: There are significantly higher complication rates both during pregnancy and delivery for teenage mothers and their babies, such as an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, having a baby of low birth weight, birth defects and other complications. Children born to teenage mothers are statistically more vulnerable to neglect and abuse. This is due to a range of factors including poverty, parenting inexperience and being in an unhealthy relationship (for example when there is a situation of domestic violence). Teenage Pregnancies and the Disintegration of Families (Martin Bohn (2009); Teenage pregnancies contribute to the disintegration of the family as a social institution. Most teen mothers are single mums. This is either because the child was conceived outside of a relationship or because the pregnancy places a great deal of strain on young relationships which are usually not as stable and enduring as adult relationships. Consequently, 60% of young Australian mothers do not have a male partner when their baby is born, as mentioned in a student fact sheet on teenage pregnancy by the Australian based Womens Health Queensland Wide Inc. A crucial question relates to whether the adverse outcomes experienced by (some) mothers and children of teenage pregnancies are causally related to the age of the mother, or whether there are other factors which lead to the adverse outcomes experienced by teenage mothers and their children. Several studies have found that teenage pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and baby. These include low birthweight, prematurity, increased perinatal and infant mortality and poorer long-term cognitive development and educational achievement for both mother and child. (Fraser AM, Brockert JE and Fergusson DM, 1995) However, studies which have aimed to address the underlying causes of these adverse outcomes-by controlling for additional factors-have produced conflicting results. Some suggest that adverse outcomes remain even after controlling for maternal socioeconomic position and other confounding factors, (Fraser AM, Brockert JE 1995) some find that age has no effect, (Gueorguieva RV, Lee MC 2001) whereas other studies report that once maternal socioeconomic position and smoking are taken into account young age is actually associated with better outcomes. (Reichman NE and Geronimus AT 1997) These contradictory findings probably reflect the small size of some studies, residual confounding, and the difficulty of separating effects that may be related to maternal age from effects that are appropriately regarded as confounding. For example, poor parenting skills may reflect the ignorance of young age but may also occur at any age among women who have restricted access to information and education. Larger studies and those employing methods specifically designed to adequately control for confounding factors (for example using sibling comparisons) (Geronimus AT 1992) suggest that young age is not an important determinant of pregnancy outcome or of the future health of the mother. (Gueorguieva RV, Scholl TO 2001) A recent systematic review of the medical consequences of teenage pregnancy concluded that Critical appraisal suggested that increased risks of these outcomes (anaemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birthweight, prematurity, intra-uterine growth retardation and neonatal mortality) were predominantly caused by the social, economic, and behavioural factors that predispose some young women to pregnancy.'(Cunnington A. 2001) Moreover, Cunnington asserts from this review that most teenage pregnancies are low risk-a point which is omitted from much research and from policy documents and statements Teenage Mothers and Education Teenage mothers are often unwilling or unable to complete their education. This lack of education can result in long term unemployment or low paid, insecure jobs. Being dependent on welfare or on a poorly paid job can place teenage mothers under greater financial pressure, even more so when they are single mums and have no supporting network of family and friends. Finally, teenage mothers are often alienated from their peers and family because their new life is either disapproved of or cannot be related to by family and friends. In developing country like Nigeria teenage mothers are sometimes married and have a broad support system. However, malnutrition, poor health care and complications of childbirth significantly increase the mortality rate of these young women. Lagos State Government Intervention The Lagos State has also set up youth friendly centers to provide adolescents accurate and confidential counseling on sex related matters. These include youth development programmes to educate youths both male and female on the danger involve in premarital sexual and early sexual intercourse (VOA News). In addition, efforts is from the youth counselor of the Lagos State Ministry of Health, Christiana Ladapo, who leads candid after-school discussions about sex, peer pressure, abstinence and contraceptives. She says teenage pregnancy has been on the rise because society has ignored the problem. However, Pinkdove in collaboration with the Lagos State Ministry of Education recently organized an enlightenment campaign with the theme The Effects of Early Sex, Teen Pregnancy for Senior Secondary School Female Students in Lagos state HISTORY OF LAGOS Lagos State is an administrative region of Nigeria, located in the southwestern part of the country. The smallest of Nigerias states, Lagos State is the second most populous state after Kano State, (wikipedia) and arguably the most economically important state of the country,(Answer dictionary) containing Lagos, the nations largest urban area. Lagos State was created on May 27, 1967 by virtue of State (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigerias Federation into 12 states. Prior to this, Lagos Municipality had been administered by the Federal Government through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs as the regional authority, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the City of Lagos. Equally, the metropolitan areas (Colony Province) of Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the Western Region. The State took off as an administrative entity on April 11, 1968 with Lagos Island serving the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital. However, with the creation of the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja in 1976, Lagos ceased to be the capital of the State which was moved to Ikeja. Equally, with the formal relocation of the seat of the Federal Government to Abuja on 12 December 1991, Lagos Island ceased to be Nigerias political capital. Nevertheless , Lagos remains the center of commerce for the country. HISTORY OF LAGOS ISLAND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Lagos Island is the principal and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census, the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km ². The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island; the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of the LGA of Eti-Osa. Lying in Lagos Lagoon, a large protected harbour on the coast of Africa, the island was home to the Yoruba fishing village of Eko, which grew into the modern city of Lagos. The city has now spread out to cover the neighbouring islands as well as the adjoining mainland. Lagos Island is connected to the mainland by three large bridges which cross Lagos Lagoon to the district of Ebute Metta. It is also linked to the neighbouring island of Ikoyi and to Victoria Island. The Lagos harbour district of Apapa faces the western side of the island. Forming the main commercial district of Lagos, Lagos Island plays host to the main government buildings, shops and offices. The Catholic and Anglican Cathedrals as well as the Central Mosque are located here. Historically, Lagos Island (Isaleko) was home to the Brazilian Quarter of Lagos where the majority of the slave trade returnees from Brazil settled. Many families lived on Broad Street in the Marina. It also revealed that majority (83.8%) and (70%) of the respondents were staying with their parents and there parents were staying together. This is in contradiction (Ellis, Bruce J. et al) Studies that girls whose fathers left the family early in their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy From the study it was also revealed that many of the respondents parents who were working are in the low class status about (25%) were unemployed. This is in accordance with a study by (Besharov, Douglas J. Gardiner) Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy. It was obvious from the study that majority were not aware of any form of contraceptives, but this was in disagreement with the study made in the United States in 2002 by National Surveys of Family Growth, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than those of other ages to use contraceptives. Revelation from this research shows that (35.7%) were impregnated by boy friends while (13.3%) were raped. This flows with some studies that between 11 and 20 percent of pregnancies in teenagers are a direct result of rape, while about 60 percent of teenage mothers had unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. One in five teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them Majority of the respondents had their sex experience before the age of 15. This supports Guttmacher Institute findings that 60 percent of girls who had sex before age 15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior. CONCLUSION It is quite glaring that teenage pregnancy have many consequences on the society. Teenage pregnancies have become a public health issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity. The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however, by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among teenage mothers the impact on youth development in our society is negative

Main Causes of The Great Depression :: history

Main Causes of The Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The maldistribution of wealth in the 1920's existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920's kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The "roaring twenties" was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nation's total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929(end note 1). However, the rewards of the "Coolidge Prosperity" of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%(end note 2). That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all(end note 3). Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million(end note 4) in the same year that the average personal income was $750(end note 5). By present day standards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500(end note 6), Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income(end note 7). A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period. Main Causes of The Great Depression :: history Main Causes of The Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one which spread to virtually all of the industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920's, and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part that same decade. The maldistribution of wealth in the 1920's existed on many levels. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920's kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes. These market crashes, combined with the maldistribution of wealth, caused the American economy to capsize. The "roaring twenties" was an era when our country prospered tremendously. The nation's total realized income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929(end note 1). However, the rewards of the "Coolidge Prosperity" of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. According to a study done by the Brookings Institute, in 1929 the top 0.1% of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%(end note 2). That same top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all(end note 3). Automotive industry mogul Henry Ford provides a striking example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million(end note 4) in the same year that the average personal income was $750(end note 5). By present day standards, where the average yearly income in the U.S. is around $18,500(end note 6), Mr. Ford would be earning over $345 million a year! This maldistribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1% enjoyed a stupendous 75% increase in per capita disposable income(end note 7). A major reason for this large and growing gap between the rich and the working-class people was the increased manufacturing output throughout this period.

Keynesian and Classical economics

INTRODUCTION:The general theory by Maynard Keynes states that the level of employment is determined by the marginal efficiency of capital, marginal propensity to consume and the real interest rates, he also the level of output and employment is determined by aggregate demand and that the aggregate demand can be increased through an increase in government expenditure.Keynes therefore advocated for government intervention in steering the economy while the classical economist argued that the government should not interfere with the running of the economy, on unemployment according to Keynes theory this problem could be resolved by the use of government policies, the two theorists differ in the causes and the solutions of unemployment, to the classical economists unemployment is caused by excess supply which is caused by high wage rates, high wage rates means low demand and therefore this causes unemployment, therefore the Classical economist believe that the economy should be left to ad just itself until an equilibrium is reached at full employment.Says law was developed by Jean Say who was a French businessman, according to this theory there cannot be demand without supply, according to this law a recession which is characterized by high unemployment is not caused by low demand or lack of money, however an increase in money supply will result to inflation. The Say’s law therefore clearly identifies the difference between the Keynes theory and classical economists in their explanation of the economy.Classical Economists and Say’s law:Classical economist supports Say’s law that supply causes demand and that there is never over supply, the Law states that people will supply things to the economy so that they can get money to buy other goods in the economy that are of the same value they have supplied. This is in line with the classical economists who argue that money does exist in an economy and that money will flow in the economy and this flow o f money flows from the businesses to the people through paying jobs.The classical economist states that the price level is changed by the level of money supply, also that the amount of supply will always be at full employment such that producers will not change the level of supply but will adjust the price levels to achieve the required demand level, therefore because supply creates its own demand then in the long run the economy will be at equilibrium and this means very low or no unemployment.According to the Says law the classical economist therefore defined the model of the economy as follows P X Q = M X V, where P is the price level, Q is the quantity of goods sold, M is the money supply and V is the velocity of money flow. As the level of money supply increases assuming that the level of money supply is constant then the price or the quantity of goods sold will increase. If on the other hand the money supply increases and assuming that the velocity level remains constant then the price level or the quantity demanded will rise, therefore our outcome for the model means that an increase in money supply is inflationally and that an increase in the velocity of money flow will lead to economic development.Keynes Theory and Say’s law:Keynesians dismisses Says law as a false statement, he argues that supply and demand should be separately analyzed, on supply Keynesians says that supply generates income, people will then consume this income, the largest portion of income goes to consumption while the rest is saved, they analyzed the consumption levels of the income in terms of marginal propensity to consume which will rise as the level of income rises.The Keynesian economist therefore considered the model of the economy as Y = C + I + (X-M) where Y is income, C is consumption, I is the investment X is exports and M is imports. The model is further analyzed as C = (a + b Y) where a is the autonomous income level, b is the marginal propensity to consume and Y is the income level.Conclusion:We can conclude that the Says law is the major difference between the Keynes theory and the classical economists, the classical economist support the Says law and also advocate for a free market economy while Keynes argues that the government can solve the problem of unemployment in an economy through an increase in spending to increase the aggregate demand that results to lower unemployment levels.References:Alan Coddington (2003) Keynesian Economics: The First Principles, Rout ledge publishers, US  Alfred William (1991) The Classical Economists and Economic Policy, University of Michigan press, Michigan  George Douglas (1967) Macro-economic Theory: A Mathematical Treatment, Macmillan publishers, US  Steven Kate’s (2003) Two Hundred Years of Say's Law: Essays on Economic Theory's Most Controversial Principle, Edward Elgar Publishing, US  John Fender (1981) Understanding Keynes: An Analysis of the General Theory, Wiley publishers, US

Management and Leadership: Military Essay

Introduction Though popular consensus is that management and leadership are interchangeable terms with the same purpose and meaning nothing could be further from the truth. Management can be defined as influencing one or more person’s actions and activities through planning, organizing, leading, controlling and guiding toward accomplishing set goals or objectives. Leadership can be defined as effectively influencing and directing others in a manner that encourages obedience, confidence and loyal team support in accomplishing organizational goals. From these two definitions one might have a subtle hint as to how management and leadership differ. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between managerial and leadership positions within military organizations, describe the roles that military managers and leaders play in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture, and explain how the four functions of management support the creation and maintenance of a healthy organizational culture within military organizations. The final discussion will include two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy  organizational culture. Leadership and Management Just as the definitions suggest a distinct deference between management and leadership all military organizations have distinctive positions for management and leadership purposes. Military organizations use a designated ranking structure for the purpose of immediate distinction between management and leadership. Leadership personnel hold the title of officer in all branches of military service. Management personnel hold the title of noncommissioned officer (NCO). While officers are immediately recruited and appointed into the leadership position NCO’s have to earn their title and managerial position in the course of progression through the ranks from private to NCO. Though these two positions differ on many levels each is equally important to military organizational culture. â€Å"A leader is anyone who by virtue of assumed role or assigned responsibility inspires and influences people to accomplish organizational goals† (FM 6-22, 2006). Therefore, an officer’s (leaders) main focus is to motivate soldiers both inside and outside of their immediate chain of command to pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater good of the organization (FM 6-22, 2006). Officers influence military personnel by setting a personal example (leading by example) on and off duty hours. Officer’s actions have a direct correlation to the amount of influence they will have in conveying purpose and vision, providing direction and motivating others. Being able to convey purpose and vision is important for officers’ to give subordinates the reason to take the necessary steps needed to accomplish missions. Open communication is essential in providing clear direction on how subordinates will go about accomplishing the mission. In order to provide clear direction officers are responsible for prioritizing mission tasks, assigning responsibilities and confirming that subordinates understand all directives given. Motivation is the key to encouraging subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission. An officers’ role in motivation is to understand or get to know as much as  possible about the needs, capabilities or limitations of his or her subordinates to determine what motivates who and personally praise or encourage when necessary. The process of getting subordinates to do whatever is necessary to accomplish the mission falls to the NCO (managers). According to Army Regulation 5-1 (2002) â€Å"management is linked with leadership, just as doctrine, systems, processes, facilities and equipment are connected with the people who use them.† Therefore, NCO’s have the authority to make decisions based on the needs of set missions in accordance with organizational policies. The NCO’s main focus is on daily operations, and immediate subordinate’s actions toward accomplishing set tasks in order to fulfill missions. The NCO’s mission is to provide instruction and supervision over subordinates to ensure tasks are being performed effectively, efficiently and in a timely manner. NCO’s implement the four functions of management in every mission presented. Planning is used to determine a working strategy to accomplish each mission assigned to the division. NCO’s will use organizing to determine how to break down missions into smaller tasks that can be performed over time. Once tasks and timelines have been determined human resources (available manpower) is evaluated according to knowledge and experience to determine who will be most effective on which task then tasks are assigned to individuals or teams. Once teams are assigned work commences and leading begins. NCO’s are responsible for overseeing each team’s daily progress, making on the spot corrections, giving additional instruction, motivating and directing each team to ensure that all projects are going according to schedule and all workers are performing effectively and efficiently toward achieving set goals. When issues arise NCO’s are responsible for controlling situations through risk management, bringing subordinates back on track, on the spot training, enforcing organizational rules and regulations and so forth. Types of controls that are used in any given situation will vary depending on an individual’s leadership or management style. Though leadership and management styles vary depending on individual  preference three specific styles stand out with both officers and NCO’s in military organizations: (1) autocratic, (2) participative and (3) delegating. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe each of these strategies as: Autocratic: leaders and or managers make decisions about what needs to be done at their own discretion then tell subordinates what to do and how they want it done. Participative: leaders and or managers will involve one or more subordinates in the decision making process on specific task planning and organizing. Delegating: leaders or managers will delegate authority to capable subordinates allowing them to make decisions for specific tasks while the leader or manager will still take full responsibility for any decision that was made through delegation. Each style is effective in its own right and in specific circumstances. Officers and NCO’s who use all three styles at different times are more effective than those who just stick to one. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is the basic nature or overall actions and conduct of an organization based on shared values and goals. In order to have a fuller understanding of military organizational culture one would need to grasp military organizational structure. Military organizations use a hierarchical divisional organizational structure. Bateman and Snell (2007) describe a divisional organization structure as â€Å"departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions.† Military divisional organizational structure is based around geographic regions. See Chart 1 for a visual break down of basic military organizational structure. DIVISIONAL ORGANIZATION: BASIC MILITARY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Chart 1: Divisional Organization: Basic Military Organizational Structure. Notice that the basic structure consists of Officers; NCO’s and subordinates (enlisted soldiers). From the battalion level down to platoons each leader is accompanied by a manager. Information goes down the chain of command while requests go up the chain of command. Military culture is based on strict adherence to the chain of command and company policies i.e. subordinates would have to go through the squad leader and the platoon sergeant to speak to the first sergeant and so forth up the chain. Basic military organizational structure and culture is learned in _basic training_ (boot camp) where new recruits, both officers and enlisted personnel, undergo rigorous physical, mental and emotional training to establish military values and team building experience. Graduates are then separated and sent to _advance individual training_ (AIT) schools to learn specific trade skills. Through shared experiences from basic training new team building experiences develop. Again, graduates are separated and assigned to units based on their field of training. Shared experiences are the foundation for unit cohesiveness among all military personnel. While common experiences may vary they open the path for shared ideas, values, responsibility and perceptions of military uniformity to military organizational culture that guides all military personnel toward achieving common personal and organizational goals throughout their career. Though troops and their families are uprooted and moved from post to post at the needs of the military, sometimes at a moments notice, shared experiences and personal and professional commitment to military values and mission preserve the military organizational culture. Military organizational culture is more than a commitment. Military organizational culture is a way of life for all who dedicate their lives to honor and defend this nation against all enemies, foreign and domestic. Recommendations Military organizational culture is a culture that has stood the test of time decade after decade. Retired war heroes and new recruits all have one thing  in common. Each has a _common bond_ through shared experiences, dedication to military values, mission, ethics, code of conduct and so forth. Young or old, each has dedicated themselves to something bigger than themselves and committed their lives to honor and defend this nation’s freedom at all cost. While military culture has been mocked and scorned by many over the years, much can be learned from such a strong organizational culture. Many failing organizations in today’s challenging business environment would do well to incorporate some of the standards of military organizational culture into their own business. Having _strong core values_ in place is the basis for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. Military organizational culture consists of strong core values such as: â€Å"loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and courage† (U.S. Army web site, 2008). While some of these values could be considered strictly military oriented all organizations could agree that loyalty, duty, honor and integrity could be considered universal. More companies could and should integrate these types of core values into their mission and values statements to help create and maintain a more healthy organizational culture. Having a _code of conduct_ in place establishes guidelines for acceptable employee behavior which helps create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Military organizations have established a strong code of conduct which describes separate and military distinctive areas of specific conduct becoming of service members. While the truth is that the military code of conduct is not applicable to civilian organizations all organizations could agree that specific behaviors do exist that are expected of all people within specialized organizations. Therefore, organizations could and should come up with a written policy explaining specific behaviors and actions that are acceptable and expected of all employees. Organizations may even have separate codes of conduct expectations for managers versus employees. The point here is to have an established and acceptable pattern of behavior for all employees to follow in order help maintain an overall healthy organizational culture. Conclusion From the research presented one can conclude that distinct differences between leaders and managers do exist. Leaders mainly focus on inspiring and motivating individuals toward accomplishing set goals. Managers mainly focus on motivating individuals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling functions of management. Based on these descriptions the main difference between management and leadership would be the method used to motivate individuals to accomplish goals. Though organizational structures may differ from one organization to the next organizational structure does help set the foundation for organizational culture. Organizational culture sets the tone for organizational success through shared experiences, values, beliefs and behaviors. Though many theories exist for creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture each organization must come up with standards i.e. core values, code of ethics and so on that are unique and attainable to that particular organization based on specific needs i.e. values, mission and purpose. References Army Regulation 5-1. (2002). Management: Total Army Quality Management. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from http://www.hqda.army.mil/leadingchange/Army%20Policies/r5-1.pdf Bateman T., and Snell S., (2007), Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (7th Ed.), McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. FM 6-22. (2006). Army Leadership: Competent, Confident, and Agile. Retrieved July 10, 2008 http://usacac.army.mil/cac/cal/FM6_22.pdf U.S. Army web site. (2008). U.S. Army: Training and Doctrine Command. Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.tradoc.army.mil/